Comparison of Early American Literature Essay Example

Examination of Early American Literature Essay Example Examination of Early American Literature Essay Examination of Early American Literature Essay The two decisions Of Plymouth Plantation by William Bradford and The General History of Virginia by John Smith are a portion of the prior bits of American writing. In spite of the fact that they were both written in a similar clasp period the way and mentalities fluctuate extraordinarily. William Bradford had a truly immediate signifier of initiation ; ordinarily known as plain puritan way. while. John Smith had a somewhat befuddling. progressively rich. making way. Bradford’s piece other than appeared to be more precise than John Smith’s history. For outline. John Smith composed of his picking up control by †¦three 100 bowmen. directed by the male ruler of Pamunkee†¦ which appears to be in excess of a little exaggerated. All things considered. it all things considered doesn’t take 300 work powers to catch one. Smith overstated commonly so as to tout about himself. There are ordinarily when he alludes to his celebrated reputation. In the undermentioned quote he gloats of his driving achievements and sympathy for his individual work powers while limiting his higher-ups: The new President and Martin. being little adored. of frail judgment in threats. what's more, less industry in harmony. submitted the overseeing of everything abroad to Captain Smith. who. by his ain delineation. great words. furthermore, just guarantees. put some to chop down. others to follow cover. some to develop houses. others to cover them. himself ever bearing the best endeavor for his ain bit. so that in short clasp her gave the majority of them diggingss. pretermiting any for himself†¦ William Bradford. on the different manus. self-acclaims about his settlement: †¦there was nevertheless six or seven sound people who to their extraordinary references. be it spoken. saved no strivings dull or twenty-four hours. in any case, with plentifulness of work and hard of their ain wellbeing. brought them wood. made them fires. dressed them meat. made their beds. washed their disgusting clothes. dressed and unclothed them. Bradford and Smith. the two heads of their settlements. composed of their difficulties in the new universe. In spite of these similitudes the way they acted was extremely unique. At the point when John Smith expounds on the Native Americans he alludes to them as savages and brutes. He even calls Pocahontas. the miss who spared his life. a youthful woman. Bradford composes of the Native Americans as human presences. He even had a harmony settlement with them that endured twenty-four mature ages. They other than had various thought processes in creation. which may loan to the numerous distinctions. Smith composed his decision to elevate individuals to come to America to happen elation and venture. Bradford simply needed to advise the perusers regarding what the lives of pilgrims was really comparative. As various are their initiation habits. thought processes. what's more, positions these two work powers parcel some normal land. one being they are probably the most punctual plant of American Literature. So no issue how unique or comparative Smith and Bradford’s Hagiographas are. History of Virginia and Of Plymouth Plantation will ever be recognized as extraordinary American writing.

Ob Final Exam

Answers:- 1. How might you portray Stephen Schwarzman’s character? Stephen Schwarzman is exceptionally nitty gritty and cautious individual . A lot of his dynamic is guided by his mentors counsel that, â€Å"you’ve got the chance to cause your stores before you to can make a withdrawal. † As an outcome is his incredibly honest and chance loath. As indicated by Personality Dimension, an individual who is reliability is trustworthy, capable, accomplishment situated and relentless. Missteps, regardless of how little, are unsatisfactory to him and he doesn't delicately endure them at Blackstone.According to Stephen Schwarzman, putting forth an attempt and fulfilling the time constraint just weren’t enough. To place it in Coach Armstrong’s terms, it wasn’t adequate to make a few stores; he must be sure that the stores would cover any withdrawal 100% before settled on choice or did an arrangement. He referenced that erroneous investigation produces broken bits of knowledge and terrible choices; which lead to losing a colossal measure of cash. He likewise will demand more data so as to stay away from botches on the off chance that he has questionable to settled on choice. . Comparative with the ideas you have quite recently found out about, what attributes and qualities would portray the â€Å"ideal† Blackstone work applicant? Clarify your method of reasoning for choosing every trademark. A proactive character and an inward locus of control would be requirements. Proactive character is an activity situated individual who shows activity and drives forward to change things. Proactive individuals distinguish openings and follow up on them, show activity, make a move, and continue on until important change happens. Highlight Article Fin 486 Final ExamWhile inward locus of control is the conviction that one controls the occasions and outcomes influencing one’s life. Different factors, for example, insight, including components of enthusiastic knowledge are likewise significant given the quick paced condition. Knowledge is one of the trademark that would portray the perfect Blackstone work competitor with the end goal for them to intuition, thinking and take care of the issue in useful manner. Maybe generally significant, in any case, is uprightness given Stephen Schwarzman’s exceptional spotlight on this trademark in his own work and plan of action. . Positioned 1 = generally essential to 8 = least significant, which of Gardner’s eight different insights are generally basic to being fruitful at a significant venture organization like Blackstone? Clarify your positioning. Gardner’s rundown of various insights incorporates semantic knowledge, sensible numerical insight, melodic knowledge, substantial sensation knowledge, spatial knowledge, relational insight, intrapersonal knowledge, and naturalist intelligence.Opinions regarding the overall significance of the various features will change by understudy. 1. Semantic insight 2. Consistent scientific insight 3. Relational insight 4. Intrapersonal insight 5. Naturalist insight 6. Substantial sensation knowledge 7. Spatial insight 8. Melodic knowledge 4. Utilizing Table 5â€5 as a guide, how significant are the different passionate knowledge abilities for making wise venture decisions?Explain. In spite of the fact that understudy suppositions will shift, mindfulness, self administration, social mindfulness, and relationship the board all future prone to assume jobs in the every day work of a Blackstone representative and influence venture choices. 4. Do you have the stuff to work for somebody like Stephen Schwarzman? Clarify as far as the ideas in this section. (Answers will depend both on understud y characters and furthermore their degrees of mindfulness).

The Effects of Steroids on the Human Body and Steroid Abuse Free Essays

The Effects of Steroids on the Human Body and Steroid Abuse by Athletes For a long time, the utilization and maltreatment of anabolic-androgenic steroids have been connected near competitors. Steroids come in various structures. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Effects of Steroids on the Human Body and Steroid Abuse or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now They can be taken in pill structure or infused straight into the user’s muscles by a needle. There are numerous games that are related with steroid misuse like weightlifting, b-ball, and olympic style events. Anabolic-androgenic steroids are engineered types of male sex hormones, similar to testosterone. They accelerate the development and improvement procedure of muscles in the body. Steroids were initially evolved around the 1930s so as to treat hypogonadism, which is a malady that forestalls the male testicles to not create enough testosterone for its capacities. When researchers started to test steroids on creatures, a similar impact of expanded muscle size was available in the creatures. This quickly prompted the maltreatment of steroids by body and weight lifters, and afterward firmly followed by competitors from a wide range of various games to upgrade their exhibitions. Regardless of whether the client is male or female, certain sexual idiosyncrasies of the male body will start to create in their body. There are a few impermanent and changeless reactions of manhandling steroids. Impermanent reactions incorporate skin inflammation, expanded bosom size in men, and animosity. The sebaceous organs in the skin become expanded with over the top steroid use. When this occurs, the oils in the organs are expanded which makes the skin break out with skin break out. Another impact would be gynecomastia (expanded bosom size in men). This happens when the body changes over additional testosterone into female hormones, similar to estrogen, and female bosom tissue is in some cases framed making bosoms on the man. Females will likewise encounter male trademark changes to their bodies. They may see that their voices might be developing in light of the fact that the testosterone from the steroids imparts male signs to the mind. Facial hair and body hair with start to develop quickly on the female’s body, alongside coarse skin and contracted bosoms. The two people will encounter â€Å"roid rage† which is an elevated animosity for no specific explanation. This outrage can prompt fractiousness, stress, and brutality. The drawn out symptoms can incorporate HIV, cardiovascular issues, hindered development, and weight issues. HIV, not paid attention to very by must steroids abusers, is one of the most risky and deadliest reactions of steroids. This is on the grounds that individuals don’t figure they can get HIV despite the fact that more often than not they are offering their needles to a various measure of different clients. HIV could be spread starting with one individual then onto the next just by utilizing one needle. Utilizing steroids can increment one’s blood cholesterol which can prompt heart issues, coronary episodes, and even strokes. The new weight of the user’s muscles squeezes the heart, since it needs to siphon more blood to quite a lot more tissues in the muscles. Hindered development for the most part influences young people experiencing adolescence on the grounds that once the mind detects a specific measure of hormones in the body; it makes an impression on the issues that remains to be worked out developing to the youngster will in all likelihood be shorter than the normal tallness for their sex, ge, and weight. One final long haul symptom of utilizing steroids would be weight put on and other weight issues. Individuals who in the end quit manhandling steroids regularly wind up having a weight issue. On the off chance that they built up with bunches of muscle, these muscles will go to a crazy measure of fat on their body. They likewise have an issue with losing the ove rabundance fat in light of the fact that the muscles were so used to being infused with steroids. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has composed a rundown of prohibited medications that all competitors are not permitted to use to improve their presentation. The rundown incorporates steroids that can be taken orally or steroids that can be infused by a needle into the abuser’s muscle. There have been a huge number of competitors that have been restricted from the separate games as a result of doping (utilizing steroids) while preparing or potentially taking part. A few doping embarrassments in the athletic world have sadly come up before. One model would be the steroid embarrassment of Marion Jones. She had won the 100 meter run, 200 meter run, and the 4ãâ€"1 meter transfer in the Sydney Olympics. Around 2005, there was an examination to see whether she was doping or not. Marion denied regularly utilizing steroids previously or throughout the Summer Olympics. In any case, in 2007, she conceded in court that she misled the examiners and two thousand juries saying she had in reality utilized steroids throughout the Summer Olympics. As a result of this admission, she was condemned to a half year in 2008 jail for misleading the examiners who were researching her case. In a meeting with Oprah, Marion Jones conceded that she doubtlessly could have won in the Sydney Olympics without the utilization of steroids. Truly, in the event that she was certain enough to realize that she was going to win without doping, what was the purpose of taking steroids in any case? It makes me tragic to hear that there are a huge number of doping embarrassments like this and even in different games. In the event that you’re adequate in what you’re doing, I feel that you don’t need to over-do it by including steroids in with the general mish-mash. Marion was deprived of her gold awards from Sydney. These days, WADA and other enemy of doping offices are splitting down harder on tranquilize testing competitors a few times when games and races. In the event that you know you’re not sufficient and you have an inclination that you need to take steroids, don’t trouble burning through your time since at some point or another somebody is going to discover and you’ll wind up humiliating yourself and your family. It feels better to win realizing that everything you accomplished was buckle down, keep to eating a sound eating regimen, and train as much as could be expected under the circumstances, rather than getting sluggish and purchasing steroids. I comprehend individuals need to see that they are â€Å"the best† rather than simply trusting it, yet there are different approaches to improve your presentation and do well in whatever sport you play. Instructions to refer to The Effects of Steroids on the Human Body and Steroid Abuse, Essay models

Successful Implementation Of Organizational Changes - 4400 Words

Successful Implementation Of Organizational Changes (Coursework Sample) Content: Strategic changeNameInstitutionCOURSEWORK 1IntroductionChange is important in all organization because it ensures that the organization has a competitive advantage over other similar organizations. However, for an organization to initiate change, it needs to have a strategic plan to ensure that all employees are conversant with the new changes. Samson and Bevington (2012) argue that strategic change occurs when an organization restructures the business or marketing plan for achieving a particular objective. For instance, an organization can conduct strategic change through a change in corporate policies, mission, target market or organizational structure. For an organization to effect particular changes, it needs to apply strategic change management. Samson and Bevington (2012) define strategic change management as a process of managing change in a manner that is structural and defined. It is important to manage change in a structured way because it will determine if the organization will meet the organizational missions, objectives, and goals. The stiff competition requires that organizations embrace change in a market that is continually changing. Furthermore, leadership is important and affects how an organization embraces change. Organizational leaders are responsible for change strategy and implementation of the proposed changes (Stringham, 2012). In addition, the leaders are responsible for monitoring the changes; therefore, the leadership strategy that organizational leaders employ determines the successful implementation of organizational changes.Leadership and strategic changeThe leadership strategy that organizational leaders employ will determine the success of change management. Organizational leaders are responsible for creating policies and processes within an organization (Stringham, 2012). However, it is important for leaders to have the proper personal and social skills that will be crucial for the leaders to handle any situati on that might erupt which has the capability of inhibiting change. Leaders should choose from a variety of leadership strategies to implement change. Examples of leadership strategies include dictatorial, democratic and situational leadership technique. According to Stringham (2012), there are four main steps that leaders need to address when implementing change. The first step for the leader is to understand the scope of a proposed project. For example, a leader needs to understand the needs of the organization and what changes will benefit the particular organization. Secondly, a leader needs to decide the path that the organization will take when implementing the changes and how different aspects of the organization will be affected by the new changes. Thirdly, a leader needs to implement the proposed strategy. The final step when implementing changes is to monitor the new changes to ensure that the organization has adjusted to the new changes (Stringham, 2012).If an organization is preparing for new changes to be implemented, leaders need to apply effective and confident decision-making initiatives, communicate with employees about the new changes and conduct sensitive and effective planning. Furthermore, employees expect that the leaders will act in the best interest of all staff members in the organization. Employees expect that leaders will be supportive and open to communication. Without a strong relationship between the management and the employees, the organization will not adjust to the new changes because of mistrust and lack of communication (Iqbal, 2011). By establishing trust with the employees, the management will have a better chance of implementing the new changes successfully. Establishing proper means of communication between the management and employees is the best way to effect change. The management needs to communicate the need for change, how the organization will implement the new changes and how everyone will be affected by the chan ge in the new organization.Iqbal (2011) discusses five main types of leadership styles that include laissez-faire, autocratic, participative/democratic, transactional and transformational. A leader who uses laissez-faire does not have direct supervision of the employees. A leader using the above style assumes that employees are highly trained and experienced and do not need supervision to complete their tasks. However, not all employees are highly experienced and trained; some employees need supervision to complete their assigned tasks. The laissez-faire type of leadership can hinder productivity and increase operational costs. The autocratic leader is an example of a dictatorial leader. Leaders who practice autocratic leadership make decisions without valuable contribution of other stakeholders (Iqbal, 2011). The autocratic leader makes final decisions and does not consult others when making decisions. The autocratic leadership is not effective in businesses because it creates mist rust between the leader and employees. In addition, it does not support innovation. The participative leader is also referred to as a democratic leader. A Democratic leader appreciates the opinions of other individuals. However, the participative leader makes the final decision. Democratic leadership is effective in business because it promotes productivity and accountability (Iqbal, 2011). In addition, participative leadership encourages innovation because the leader appreciates the contribution of other employees. Transactional leaders reward employees according to their accomplished goals and objectives. Transactional leadership in business boosts productivity and accountability. However, it increases competition among employees and can inhibit teamwork. Lastly, leaders who use transformational leadership style encourage communication and transparency (Iqbal, 2011).An example of how leadership style is important when establishing change is the transition of leadership of Apple In c. from Steve Jobs to Tim Cook. Both leaders have different leadership styles. During his term as the CEO of Apple Inc, Steve Jobs focused on innovations, perfectionism and direct leadership (Jose, 2014). Furthermore, Jobs required all employees to work with perfectionism. He was a visionary leader who demanded perfection from all employees. His need for innovations made the company to develop new products that received huge support from the public. Known for his open criticism, Jobs practiced dictatorial leadership because of his need for perfection. In addition, Jobs demanded accountability from all employees. According to Jose (2014), Jobs demand for control in all the business aspects was the reason he was fired as the companys CEO in 1985. However, Jobs still continued to practice his management skills as an abrasive leader who demanded perfection from the employees. In Comparison to Steve Jobs, Tim Cook practices a different managerial style. Tim Cooks different approach to l eadership proves that leadership is important when implementing change (Jose, 2014). As a new CEO of Apple, Tim Cook uses situational leadership as the preferred method of management. Tim Cook uses situational leadership to oversee the operations of the company. Cook encourages teamwork rather than dictating what needs to be done like Steve Jobs. Also, Tim Cook has a calm demeanor, unlike Steve Jobs who practiced perfectionism. While Steve Jobs demanded innovations, Tim Cook encourages transparency from the employees (Jose, 2014).John Kotter and Kurt Lewins change models are some of the widely known change models that organizations apply (Burke, 2008). According to Burke (2008), other than effective leadership, an organization needs to apply a strong change model to ensure that the organization embraces the new changes. John Kotter proposes eight stages of implementing change. The first stage is creating a sense of urgency by communicating the need for change within the organization . The second step is building a guiding coalition that will oversee the implementation of the new change. The third stage is forming a strategic vision and initiative; the fourth step involves enlisting a volunteer army to ensure that the organization adjusts to the new changes. The fifth and sixth step is removing barriers and generating short-term wins respectively. The seventh and last step is sustaining acceleration and instituting the desired change (Burke, 2008). However, Kurt Lewin proposes three steps when implementing change. The first step is the unfreezing stage that prepares the employees about the desire to implement new changes. The second step involves implementing the proposed changes. Lastly, the third stage is the refreezing stage, which ensures that employees are accustomed to the new changes (Burke, 2008).COURSEWORK 2IntroductionThe current strategy that Apple uses is to improve its current products. In addition, the company looks to improve its products in regar ds to safety management environmental protection through sustainability and improvement of the quality of products. In addition, Apple seeks to improve energy efficient. The company believes in innovation through the introduction of new products with new capabilities. Apple seeks to maintain a competitive advantage over other similar companies by producing new products and improving the current products to maintain superiority in their product and service division. Furthermore, Apple seeks to increase revenue by investing in different sectors, such as the education sector. Currently, Apple has its operating software and hardware designs that customers prefer over other products of its competitors. Brand awareness is a top priority for Apple, and the company wants to increase its investment in advertising and innovation of new products. Furthermore, the company seeks to increase the number of retail stores to make the products ...

Personality Type -- -what About Me - 791 Words

Personality Type---What about Me? My personality type of ESFJ (Extravert, Sensing, Feeling, and Judgement) is notorious for being sociable and outgoing, always willing to understand the needs of others and expressing appreciation for their contributions. ESFJs are known for collecting the facts needed first before making a decision and organizing effective procedures. Often times my personality type is critical of mistakes more easily than rewarding expected duties. Individuals of this personality type are typically people persons and enjoy being around people. According to the Personality Page, (n.d.) people have a habit of using their sensing and judging characteristics to gather detailed information about others, and turn this information into supportive judgments. Working with Others ESFJs thrive on procedure and appointment setting making sure to get tasks completed the day they are due. This particular personality type tends to â€Å"exercise power in leadership through relationships and attention given to subjective human values† (textbook). I prefer to begin a decision-making process with subjective consideration of those involved, their circumstances, and the solution that would be in closest harmony with my own values. My outgoing personality compliments my outstanding selling capabilities. Life in Organizations The Personality Page (n.d.) mentioned that â€Å"ESFJs have a natural tendency to want to control their environment. Their dominant function demands structure andShow MoreRelatedTypes Of Personality Tests Exist Today972 Words   |  4 PagesISFJ Personality Type Many types of personality tests exist today. The Meyers Briggs test has been proven valid and reliable by hundreds of studies over the past 40 years (MBTI Basics). My personality type is ISFJ which stands for Introverted, Sensing, Feeling and Judging. Learning about my personality type has helped me realize which careers that would be good, the best way for to study, my ability to successfully work on a team and even how my personality type impacts my personal relationshipsRead MoreReflection Paper Personality892 Words   |  4 PagesDuring this week I learned about the many personality types people have and I found out what my personality type is. There are 16 personality types total and I took two personality tests to see what my personality type is. The first test told me I had an ISFP personality type and the second test informed me that I had an INFP personality. The ISFP personality is readier for a new experience or adventure and is very imaginative. The INFP personality i s always ready to help a good cause and are veryRead MoreReflection On Personality1341 Words   |  6 PagesPersonality is defined as â€Å"the combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual’s distinctive character† (google dictionary, 2017), just by reading this definition you can tell that personality is a complex system to fully understand. There are a number of tools or assessments from many theories and approaches that help better understanding personality, pulling apart its complexity. I have already given a lot of thought about who I am as a person, what traits do I have, what doRead MoreThe Prentice Hall s Self Assessment And The Holly Bible1302 Words   |  6 PagesWhat’s your personality? Are you an optimist who sees the glass half full or are you the person who gets invited to social settings because you’re the life of the party? 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Being a doctor requires profound amounts of logical reasoning and unequivocal decisiveness. According to CareerTest.net (CareerTest.net, 2016), my personality is that of an ESTJ, known to be extroversive andRead MoreIstj1213 Words   |  5 PagesPersonality Based on the personality profile I completed in class my personality type is ISTJ, Introverted Sensing Thinking Judging. According to various sources on personality types ISTJs are often referred to as Inspectors. I agree with a lot of what I have read about my personality type. ISTJs often give the initial impression of being aloof and perhaps somewhat cold. This is perhaps one of the truest statements about me that I have seen. Many people find me to be cold and standoffishRead MoreSilent, But Deadly : A Deeper Discovery Of The Intj Personality Preference1719 Words   |  7 PagesDeeper Discovery of the INTJ Personality Preference Trent D. Cleland Liberty University â€Æ' Abstract This paper dives deeper into the understanding of the personality type of an INTJ and how this personality type relates to organizational behavior. Ample information regarding this type is derived from Kroeger, Thuesen, and Rutledge’s book, â€Å"Type Talk At Work,† and affirms the type assigned to me through the Jung Typology Test. Information regarding the INTJ personality is presented in this paper,Read MorePersonality Description Of The Myers Briggs Test1094 Words   |  5 PagesMyers-Briggs Test, there are limited of words for describing personality. I believe there should be more words for personality description because people are different. Anyways, some of the descriptions are accurate to my self-description personality paper. However, some are less like my personality. The personality that most accurate with my self-description is introvert. There is no surprise that introvert has the highest percentage in this personality test. In the first assignment, I d escribed myself as

Corporal Punishment in Schools - 1531 Words

Corporal punishment in schools Advocates of school corporal punishment argue that it provides an immediate response to indiscipline and that the student is quickly back in the classroom learning, rather than being suspended from school. Opponents believe that other disciplinary methods are equally or more effective. Some regard it as tantamount to violence or abuse. In the United States and the United Kingdom, and generally in the English-speaking world, the use by schools of corporal punishment has historically been covered by the common law doctrine of in loco parentis, whereby a school has the same rights over a minor as its parent. In most places nowadays where it is allowed, corporal punishment inpublic schools is governed by†¦show more content†¦It is not democracy which enhances or hinders our growth. Rather it is the approach that we take for our growth with proper utilization of the democratic machinery which is the real propellant to our overall socio-economic growth. Democracy in good hands would definitely induce growth but in wrong hands may lead to restrictive growth. DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE IN INDIA – NEW CHALLENGES Jogamaya Sandhibigraha Part- II Roll No. 01 India’s status as a shining jewel of democracy in the poor man’s world, and the sheer size of its electorate which alone entitles it to the designation of the world’s largest democracy, have earned the country an easy ride among skeptics in the past, despite misgivings about its blemishes. But critical voices have raised their heads in recent times which in turn gave an open challenge to the democratic governance in the country. Especially after the advent of new technologies the insignificant issues are much able to challenge the continual process of governance. Among these issues poverty ,unemployment, corruption ,different kinds of bandhs, dharanas, terrorism, web activism ,degradation of the environment can be cited as the major challenges that are enough to shatter the very structure of democratic governance in India. Corruption – a social malady- hold its strong grip over the every human activities ranging from cradle to grave. A recent survey gave the fourthShow MoreRelatedCorporal Punishment in Schools1484 Words   |  6 PagesCorporal Punishment in Schools Corporal punishment is the deliberate infliction of pain as retribution for an offence, or for the purpose of disciplining or reforming a wrongdoer, or to deter attitudes or behaviour deemed unacceptable (Miller, Vandome, amp; McBrewster, 2009). Corporal punishment can be divided into three categories, these include: judicial, domestic and school. For the purpose of this essay we will be focusing on school corporal punishment, the advantages and guidelines to followRead MoreEssay on Corporal Punishment in Schools1007 Words   |  5 PagesCorporal Punishment Beat the students! Beat the students! Beat the students! The way most school systems want to discipline their students in the school system, is to beat them. This is the concept most schools look at corporal punishment. Corporal punishment has been used in school for centuries. Many schools have limited the use of corporal punishment but most schools continue to use corporal punishment. Corporal punishment is defined as â€Å"physical pain inflicted on the body of a child as a penaltyRead More Corporal Punishment in Schools Essay1340 Words   |  6 PagesCorporal Punishment in Schools I wrote this paper for Contemporary Moral Issues class. This was an assignment of our choice and I chose to do this topic, because the week before in Intro to Education we had discussed discipline methods and I was astonished to learn that corporal punishment still existed in schools. I am hoping that by including this piece of work on my webfolio others will become aware that corporal punishment is alive and used often in our schools. In theRead MoreThe Use of Corporal Punishment in Schools Essays1851 Words   |  8 PagesAbstract Recently, as the value of education is increasing, corporal punishment became hot issue on the world because there is no any appropriate answer about† Should corporal punishment be for discipline?† According to a history of corporal punishment of Wikipedia, the practice was recorded as early as c 10th Century BC in Mà ­shlà ª Shlomoh. Even though corporal punishment is not correct way for discipline like people usually think, how the punishment has been used so far or why? Introduction On a student’sRead MoreCorporal Punishment And Its Effect On School Children1251 Words   |  6 Pagesdistribute our findings so that all of the public cannot ignore the wholesale infliction of pain and suffering onto our school children, and the role â€Å"paddling† schools play in teaching our children that physically aggressive and coercive resolutions of conflict are legitimate. Contributing to the problem of violence by making children feel rejected and isolated, corporal punishment is unsafe in and of itself, but its discriminate application may be co-incident with problems unique to racial and genderRead MoreCorporal Punishment in Schools Should Be Abolished1125 Words   |  5 PagesCorporal punishment in schools should be abolished Corporal punishment has been used in schools as a way of handling disciplinary problems. It refers to school rules which allow students to be punished using physical pain without causing injury. It is believed that using punitive method can promote students’ obedience and reduce problematic behaviour. As a result, it can decrease the number of disciplinary cases and maintain order inside the classroom. Indirectly, it will help to build students’Read MoreShould Corporal Punishment Be Banned? Schools?975 Words   |  4 Pagesof corporal punishment in schools, yet discussions are now re-surfaced to bring it back. While Corporal punishment is currently banned in schools in American Samoa, it is widely administered at home and tolerated in other social settings such as in church communities, sports events, or wherever children under the age of eighteen are present. Before I expand on my stance in this matter; let’s take a glimpse at the definition of Corporal punishment first of all. The term corporal punishment refersRead MoreEssay on Abolishing Corporal Punishment in the United States Schools755 Words   |  4 PagesCorporal punishment is a discipline method in which an administering adult inflicts pain upon a student (usually using a paddle) in response to a students offensive behavior. Nowadays regulations have been created as to how many â€Å"swats† can be inflicted, by whom, and with what instrument. It is still used in many U.S. schools as a disciplinary method against disobedient or defiant students. Although corporal punishment is no longer tolerated in the military, prisons, or mental institutions, 21 statesRead More It’s Time to Put an End to Corporal Punishment in Schools Essay1986 Words   |  8 PagesIt’s Time to Put an End to Corporal Punishment in Schools Seven countries-Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Norway, Austria, Italy and Cyprus- have laws making it illegal for parents to use physical punishment on their children. Corporal punishment in schools has been banned in all the countries in Europe, South and Central America, China and Japan. The United States has outlawed corporal punishment from our prisons as cruel and inhumane treatment, as well as wife-beating, once thought to be the rightRead MoreCorporal Punishment in Schools Should Be Abolished1141 Words   |  5 PagesCorporal punishment in schools should be abolished Corporal punishment has been used in schools as a way of handling disciplinary problems. It refers to school rules which allow students to be punished using physical pain without causing injury. It is believed that using punitive method can promote students’ obedience and reduce problematic behaviour. As a result, it can decrease the number of disciplinary cases and maintain order inside the classroom. Indirectly, it will help to build students’

Lean Production at Portakabin-Case Study-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Lean Production at Portakabin-Case Study. Answer: Introduction Lean Production at Portakabin Lean production is an approach to reduce the loss and wastages in the process of production. It is considered as a better and efficient way of optimizing the output by using minimal input. Lean production is considered as an efficient replacement for the traditional production methods. The main problem noted were regarding t he employee dissatisfaction, failure of equipments and outdatedness of the production process. The employees were dissatisfied with the repetitive nature of the job. Any equipment failure at the work causes delay in the remaining process. There were issues when the machine became obsolete. These problems were occurring consistently causing employee dissatisfaction. With the continuous problems, Portkabin is facing issues affecting the productivity. There is a need to apply an effective method in order to attain higher flexibility and efficiency at once. A new method need to be so that wastage can be reduced (Portkabin, 2017). The lean production method was firstly adapted in Japan from 1950 to 1960 and was lately adopted by the firms in UK. This approach eliminates the wastage occurring in the material time and input of workers. There is a need to improvise the production through development of an effective quality method. A reduction in the cost will improve the overall production hence improving the competitiveness. There are multiple of techniques that are been introduced o far to attain lean production. Among these techniques, cell production method arranges the employees in team. Every team is involved in a part of the whole process. This type of production increases team work and promotes employee satisfaction, Under Kaizen the employees have to fulfil two assignments. Firstly they have to complete the given work and secondly they should suggest and implement the method. Continuous improvement is the part of the process contributing in a positive way. Just in time approach implies that as the input is received they are utilizing it immediately in order to avoid wastage of time. This method uses computerized system of procurement in order to ensure that the order to delivered without any delay. This method plays an important role while determining the status that there is no money held as stock. Portakabin is a construction company based in UK specialized i steel building for accommodation. After negotiation the company provides with the proper solution with everything. Method used Portkabin uses lean production method in the construction process. It includes Flow production, Cellular production and batch production. Through its effective manufacturing process the company is able to minimize cost. They have achieved quality assurance certification: ISO 9002. They are taking considerable lesser time for completion of the project. Portkabin has attained a high customer rating and standing out to be more efficient Advantage of flow production method Portkabin is been able to meet the target by manufacturing within the given time it is due to the capital intensive technique in the machines that are been used. The organization is highly mechanized and depends upon the technology for gaining productivity. Firm do incur lower cost to produce given products. Disadvantage of flow production method The process is less flexible due to involvement of high end mechanization. The products cant be customizing according to the need of the customers. Advantage of cell production system This method can be adopted readily in the changing environment. The pending work inventories are kept low. This will increase overall output per worker and will reduce the time of production. The money saved can be used to procure more equipment. One can achieve immediate feedback on the changes affected. Disadvantages of cell production system The system relies on the initiative and input of the worker who is unreliable or absent due to any reason. Advantage of batch production system This method is used to produce differentiated products with a minimal cost by using the machine in a best possible way. The input can be purchased at a minimal cost by using the machines in a best possible way. The workers are deployed in the area of their expertise. They further have a positive implication on the quality of output in order to improv the skills. Disadvantage of batch production system Tis mechanism creates a backlog of work in progress it is a very difficult decision when one has to intricate decision and planning. A lot of space is required that might lead to stock expiring or getting destroyed. Method study The use of method study allow in making comparison by identifying the best possible way of handling and scrutinizing the mean of production in a company. This process is used in order to improve the quality work of the company. The method study can be used but the company in getting the best possible outcome. It involves selection of the operations which need to be done or studied in order to manage the companys operation. The recorded information is read in detail by taking effective measures, the new system need to be managed properly in order to gain sustainable results. The system moreover ensures that the building is of the current standards that ensure effective measures for the purpose of relocation. The system ensures building in an effective way by ensuring availability of different components (Harris and McCaffer, 2013). Quality management system therefore ensures availability of goods in a best possible way and providing with an assurance to improve the chances of growth and development. It is through the quality management that the organization can gain effectiveness. The organization can thereby derive an effective procedure to deal with the situation. It is very well demonstrated by the company standards. The management system is effective and provides with the most appropriate character. The assurance guaranteed by them allow in gaining competitive advantage. Reduction in the cost will improve the overall production hence improving the competitiveness. There are multiple of techniques that are been introduced o far to attain lean production (Morrissey and Browne, 2004) JIT technique in meeting the target at Lilliput The company has focused on improving the overall benefit by emphasizing on quality to be illustrated by the Portakabin Lilliput products. Lilliput Childrens Centres are designed to be child-focused. The purpose is to meet tough safety and care standards. The purpose of the company is to create a protective environment. The Childrens Centres provide with a resource for the whole community that help in managing the resources in a well defined way. In order to gain proficiency with the time it is possible to gain a competitive advantage by developing effectiveness. There are possibilities where it is possible to build in half the time. The traditional methods decrease the overall productivity. For a better understanding it is possible to use Multi-functional rooms like kitchens, crche facilities, and training rooms. This will help in organizing the work on a fast pace. There are certain times when the functioning is delayed due to unforseen future (Kang and Bekkers, 2015). At time the f unction is delayed due to improper execution of projects. The process therefore allow in managing the resources in the best possible way. The Just in time approach will help them in utilizing the goods it right away in order to avoid wastage of time. This method uses computerized system of procurement in order to make certain that the order to deliver without any delay. This method plays an important role while determining the status that there is no money held as stock. Portakabin is a construction company based in UK specialized steel building for accommodation. After negotiation the company provides with the proper solution with everything. In order to meet the goal it is evident for Liliput to minimize the lag time (Hirano, 2016). Waste reduction methods at Portakabin Portakabin lean production process encourages waste reduction. The organization is using Building in a modular way is a lean process. The off-site construction and installation of completed and fitted building can be managed by fewer workers that are required on site. This will require less transport. Portakabin has been successfully been able to reduce the volume of waste sent to landfill by 60% over the last three years. It is achieved due to the efforts by cutting down of the wastage. Portakabin has improved design to diminish waste in manufacturing. They have successfully achieved the objective by Through the smart design of the modules. This maximises the use of standard distance across materials. reprocess of resources, like door and window shapes By changing the materials used through insulating foam. This has allowed in reducing wastage of material by 10% Steel beams are supplied to the factory. Portakabin modules are pre-sized that do not require trimming is. This reduces the wastage created by wood particles or dust Recycling waste is one of the important aspects in Portakabin Group. They recycle 65% of waste generated in off-site manufacturing. The employees are trained to think about recycling. Recycling is an important component that requires to be carried at Portkabin in order to manage the building site. Portakabin has successfully designated a waste management teams. These are made up of a production manager and waste contractor. A permanent trainer works for the company and employees are regularly given refresher courses to update new ideas. They are also using Pallets for transporting products that are recycled at every stage of the supply chain (Cannon and Hillebrandt, 2016.) Management of wastage has majority of benefits for the people in order to gain competitive advantage .It allow in managing the effectiveness and reduce the overall wastage that occurs while managing the resources. They benefit Portkabin in Financial benefits for Portakabin and its customers.-Financial benefits are one of the important components that are important to gain a competitive advantage. The Portakabin production methods reduce the cost of constructing keeping the cost low. The lead time can be reduced placing an organized function and creating better opportunity. This allow in managing the risk with an effective use of technology. The latest technology works under controlled conditions and help in managing the affairs (Dennis, 2016). Environmental benefits- There are numerous significant environmental benefits, including better thermal performance and Tests carried out on the Ultima buildings. This allow in managing the environment by 70% minimal air leakage. This allows in creating a proactive environment and is therefore enabling thermally proficiency. With so many issues related to the environment it has become important to implement effective issues. There are certain necessary measures that are important to create a difference. The organization is uses ozone-friendly materials. This has enabled managing the function in the best possible way (Monahan, Coates and Clarke-Hagan, 2014). The organization is effectively manufacturing process that helps in managing the resources in an effective way. By following an efficient pattern the wastage can be reduced along with pollution. Smaller number vehicle actions to construction sites minimise traffic pollution and hence creating opportunities for recycling. The build ings are constructed in a well-defined way helping in allocating desired results within the section (Othman, 2015). Social benefits to people and communities- The main financial benefits therefore include predictable construction. It is evident to note that the construction is not disrupted by weather conditions or site related problems. The company has a support system where 99.6% of Portakabin projects are delivered on time and on budget. The construction are carried out at a fast pace while meeting the basic requirements. The industry is involved in Building 50% faster than those in traditional building projects. At the same time they are able to control quality. The Systems is based on lean manufacturing techniques guaranteeing high quality at every stage of production.Social benefits is important in order to manage the society. It is therefore mandatory to provide certain level of benefits to the wider community. In this situation the organization is providing with ample of benefits in order to gain competitiveness. They are looking for improved health and safety. In order to gain competitive ness it is important for an organization to improve the condition of the society in which they are living (Chalice, 2007). This will benefit everyone. Factory-based construction improves the quality of the company. Toyota has an effective waste management system. The company strive hard to reduce excess wastage caused during the operations. In this way they are able to gain a competitive advantage in the market. It is gainful for the business organization to find out an appropriate way to meet end results. In a highly competitive economy and changing business behavior it is evident to look into an appropriate way through which one can gain sustainable result. In such a condition the purpose is to guarantee desired outcomes. This is only possible through determination of buying the input. By managing the goods it is possible to manage at minimal cost by using the machines in a best possible way. The workers are deployed in the area of their expertise. This method uses computerized sy stem of procurement in order to ensure that the order to delivered without any delay (Fleischmann, et al 2014). This method plays an important role while determining the status that there is no money held as stock. The organization can thereby derive an effective procedure to deal with the situation. It is very well demonstrated by the company standards. The management system is effective and provides with the most appropriate character (Lewis, 2000). Impacts on Portakabin of using lean production The implication of technique in the company will be competent to recognize the best way of handling and scrutinizing the production in a company. It has to improve the quality work of the company normally in all the activities implemented not exclusive of the daily operations which are recurring. The method study by the company describes the best techniques that re appropriate in the execution of the company process. This occupies the selection of the process which needs to be complete or studied (Holweg, 2007). There is a need to improvise the production through development of an effective quality method. A reduction in the cost will improve the overall production hence improving the competitiveness Innovation is considered as an important element to any market in order to figure out effectiveness timely. The traditional methods decrease the overall productivity it is therefore used as an important aspect to an organization. Use of knowledge is important to create something importan t. A new thing is obvious to gain a piece of equipment which are useful for a company to manage the potential to allow people to do things in different and better ways. Portakabin has successfully designated a waste management teams. These are made up of a production manager and waste contractor. It is through their vision the organization is able to reduce the excess wastage (Shah and Ward, 2007). Meanwhile it is understood that the Lean production will be used as efficient replacement for the traditional production method. The traditional methods are causing excess problem in attaining desired result. The productivity is actually hampered when an organization is unable to align its goal in a systematic way (Heizer, 2016.). Lean production has a long-term impact on the organization. It is thereby reducing the overall impact of the features that are important for gaining competency. The purpose of gaining competency is to attain effectiveness at work. One can find issues in carrying out the activity. On a long run the purpose of gaining sustainability is to maintain effective relationship. The lean production creates gap in attaining better understanding. The main difficulty with managing the lean production is in term of dissatisfaction, failure of equipments and out datedness of the production procedure. The employees are highly dissatisfied with the repetitive nature of the job. Lean production causes problem that causes failure at the work and delay in the remaining process (Errasti, Rudberg and Corte, 2015). There were challenges where the machine became out of date. These problems accompanied with other caused delay in gaining effectiveness at work. The employees were consistently dissatisfied. All this has been affecting the productivity of the organization. Portkabin is facing issues affecting the productivity. There is a requirement to apply an effectual method to attain higher suppleness and competence at once. A new method need to be used so that wastage can be reduced (Cook, 2010). The lean production method was lately adopted by the firms in UK. This approach however eliminates the wastage occurring in the material time and input of workers. However it is suggested to manage the production through growth of an effectual superiority technique. A decline in the cost will get better production hence improving the competitiveness. It is important for the organization in multiple forms hence guaranteeing lean production. This is highly impacting the organization in gaining goals. This technique put together the employees in team (Gangjee, 2013). Overall it helps in managing the activities in the best possible way. This type of production increase team work and promote employee satisfaction. Firstly they have to work and secondly they should propose and put into practice an effective method. Continuous development is the division of the process causative in an optimistic way. The main problem noted were regarding employee dissatisfaction and can be resolved through managing the process in an effective way. The different cause behind the failure has highly affected the organizational growth. It therefore had a long term impact having deliberate impact on attaining systematic growth. The employees were dissatisfied with the recurring nature of the job. Any failure would directly affect the growth in the organization. It has become a matter of great importance to put together an effective tool and procedure for the remaining process. There were issues when the machine became obsolete. Portakabin production methods decrease the cost of constructing high quality building projects. In this way the lead time amid a customer introducing an order and the conclusion product being prepared is much shorter. It is therefore able to match up with the use of the latest technologies under prohibited conditions. In long run the company has to manage the effectiveness by developing better tool sand technology. This will guarantee better implementation of policies and deployment of goals in a significant way. This process therefore helps in measuring the sustainable impacts that are used for managing the activities as per the market requirements. This is only possible through determination of buying the input. By managing the goods it is possible to manage at minimal cost by using the machines in a best possible way. Portkabin is known for providing effective solution to help other organisations to supervise their altering accommodation requirements. They are using the modular buildings methods to put together lean production methods. This method is providing them with a solution to overcome the problem that they are facing in order to carry forward the Lean processes providing an environmentally-friendly approach in a world of limited resources. Time is used more professionally. The purpose of this technique is to reduce wastage in order to cause efficient result at every stage of lean production. The modular buildings can be used in a quick way. Problems can be reduced by associating with conventional new buildings such or by eliminating the gaps. The net consequence is only possible if the company is able to match up with the customers expectations. The organization can thereby derive an effective procedure to deal with the situation. It is very well demonstrated by the company standards. Conclusion To conclude, it is eventually important to manage the resources in the best possible way. It is therefore essential to reduce the wastage and to attain efficient result by promoting growth and development. Portkabin is using lean production method in the construction process. It includes Flow production, Cellular production and batch production. Through its effective manufacturing process the company is able to minimize cost. The purpose is to understand the technique in order to manage the effectiveness. There is a necessity of reducing the excess wastage in the process by implementing long-term better activities. The organization can only gain better results if it implements an efficient methodology References Cannon, J. and Hillebrandt, P.M. eds., 2016.The Management of Construction Firms: Aspects of Theory. Springer. Chalice, R., 2007.Improving healthcare using Toyota lean production methods: 46 steps for improvement. ASQ Quality Press. Cook, S., 2010. Customer care excellence: How to create an effective customer focus. Kogan Page Publishers. Dennis, P., 2016.Lean Production simplified: A plain-language guide to the world's most powerful production system. Crc press. Errasti, A., Rudberg, M. and Corti, D., 2015. Managing international operations: configuration of production network for SMEs. Fleischmann, A., Schmidt, W., Stary, C., Obermeier, S. and Brger, E., 2014.Subject-oriented business process management. Springer Publishing Company, Incorporated. Gangjee, D.S., 2013. Property in Brands. Harris, F. and McCaffer, R., 2013.Modern construction management. John Wiley Sons. Heizer, J., 2016.Operations Management, 11/e. Pearson Education India. Hirano, H., 2016.JIT Implementation Manual--The Complete Guide to Just-In-Time Manufacturing: Volume 2--Waste and the 5S's. CRC Press. Holweg, M., 2007. The genealogy of lean production.Journal of operations management,25(2), pp.420-437. Kang, B. and Bekkers, R., 2015. Just-in-time patents and the development of standards.Research Policy,44(10), pp.1948-1961. Lewis, M.A., 2000. Lean production and sustainable competitive advantage.International Journal of Operations Production Management,20(8), pp.959-978. Monahan, J., Coates, R. and Clarke-Hagan, D., 2014. Overcoming the Barriers of Green Innovation in Construction Projects Through Its Successful Management.RCOM A, p.123. Morrissey, A.J. and Browne, J., 2004. Waste management models and their application to sustainable waste management.Waste management,24(3), pp.297-308. Othman, A.A.E., 2015. An international index for customer satisfaction in the construction industry. International Journal of Construction Management, 15(1), pp.33-58. Portkabin, 2017. Online. Available at: https://www.portakabin.co.uk/ Accessed on: 15 August 2017 Shah, R. and Ward, P.T., 2007. Defining and developing measures of lean production.Journal of operations management,25(4), pp.785-805

MacBeth Essays (448 words) - Characters In Macbeth,

MacBeth Macbeth Historical MacBeth compared to Shakespeare's MacBeth Although most of Shakespeare's play " MacBeth " is not historically accurate, MacBeth's life is the subject of the tragedy. There are characters and events that are based on true events and real persons but, Shakespeare's "MacBeth " differs significantly from history's MacBeth. The first example of a difference between the Shakespeare "MacBeth" and historical MacBeth is the death of Duncan I. In Shakespeare's " MacBeth ", Duncan I was murdered by MacBeth. A prophecy said to MacBeth by one of the three witches "All hail, MacBeth, that shalt be King hereafter1 ." was what prompted Gruoch, MacBeth's wife to plot the murder of Duncan I as he slept in their castle. In history, MacBeth established himself as the King of Scots after killing his cousin Duncan I, in battle near Elgin not as in Shakespeare's play by killing him in his sleep. Duncan I was killed on August 14, 1040. MacBeth then reigned as king for seventeen years. As previously stated Duncan I and MacBeth were cousins, a fact not brought out in the play. Shakespeare loosely based the play," MacBeth " on events he found in Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland. " Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, are the materials that furnished Shakespeare with his plot2. The chronicles were an account of the history of the country of which they came from. Another major difference, is that Duncan I was not the ageing and respected king Shakespeare makes him out to be, In real life, Fiona Summerset Fry author of History of Scotland says " He was actually an impetuous and spoilt young man whose six years of kingship brought glory neither to Scotland nor to his family3." In the play's last scene, McDuff kills MacBeth and automatically becomes the new King of Scots. In actual history MacBeth is killed by Malcom III but Lulach, MacBeth's stepson, becomes the king after the noblemen of Moray fight for his succession. Lulach reigned for seven months and was then dethroned by Malcom III of Caenmore. MacBeth is presented in the play as clumsy and unorganised. In reality though, he was one of the best kings that Scotland ever had. " During his reign, he went on a pilgrimage to Rome for several months4." His kingdom was in well enough order and he was in high enough regard with his nobleman that he could leave for a long period of time. Another way you could tell that MacBeth was a good king because, " He organized troops of men to patrol the wilder countryside and enforce some type of law and order5." As far as historians know, this was the first type of law and order in Scotland before 1100. Shakespeare had financial and political motivation to change some of the historical facts. In order for him to receive payment for his writing it was necessary for him to impress King James I. Shakespeare also changed the name of his acting company to the " Kings men," because he wanted to establish himself as a better writer. He could do this by having the King's influence.

The Development Of Gender Identity Essays

The Development Of Gender Identity Essays The Development Of Gender Identity Paper The Development Of Gender Identity Paper The development of gender identity is a notion explored greatly through the social sciences, with emphasis being placed on anthropology, philosophy, psychology and sociology. This essay is going to discuss the development of gender identity through psychological works, with reference to the nature/nurture debate. In order to do this, the essay will be broken down into specific sections. Initially, the themes outlined in the title will be individually explored to offer their definitions. Secondly, the essay will move on to look at the varying schools of thought within psychology surrounding gender identity development, where the essay will cite some key thinkers and their theories. Thirdly, the essay will move on to combine the notion of gender identity development with the nature/nurture debate to discuss and express any correlations between them. The essay shall then be wrapped up by way of a summary of the undertaken works, as a way of creating a conclusion. The essay shall now explore the themes within the title, to offer definitions. Gender, in its common usage is the term used to denote the distinction males and females in accordance with anatomical sex. The term is often used interchangeably with the term sex when discussing anatomical differences, however, depending on the approach taking, the definition of gender changes. For example, sociologically, gender refers to the socialised attributes of being masculine, feminine or androgynous, which is in keeping with the notion of ones own gender identity. Gender identity, is considered to be subjectively experienced, rather than being physically acted out. The nature/nurture debate is the endeavour to discover the extent to which human behaviour is the result of hereditary or innate factors (nature) or are they determined by environmental and learning factors (nurture). Historically, each side of the debate has had its support, however, it is difficult to assess the contributions of each as both interact throughout human development. The essay shall now tackle the psychological theories surrounding gender identity development. Psychodynamic theory is a label given to all psychological systems, and theories, which place emphasis upon the processes of change and development. Stemming from the works of Sigmund Freud, psychodynamic theory takes in to account both nature and nurture in the development gender identities. The nature side of the debate is represented through the innate sexual drives possessed by all human beings that motivate much of human behaviour. However, these sexual drives do not outwardly influence gender identity development. Instead the nurturing element arises through the phallic stage of Freudian psychosexual development. In this stage the Childs resolution of the Oedipus complex in boys and the Electra complex in girls identifies the beginning of appropriate gendered behaviours. The Oedipus complex is a label that describes the attraction between a male child and his mother. The Electra complex labeled the attraction between a female child and her father. The essence of these discoveries was the sexual attraction to the opposite sex and the hostility toward the same sex. The premise is that the child will take on board the patterns of behaviour, appropriate to and reinforce masculine and feminine behaviours to the child. Social learning theory is a psychological approach to the study of social behaviours. The premise of this theory is that of role observation, and the mimicking of behaviours, known as operant conditioning and vicarious learning, respectively. Applied to gender development by Bandura and Mischel; Social learning theory stresses many important factors in the development of gender identity; these include reinforcement, observational learning, modelling and imitation. Social learning theory incorporates both notions of primary and secondary socialisation, including parents, peers and the mass media as important for gender identity development. Cognitive development theories stem from the works of Jean Piaget. Piaget was one of the first psychologists to look at the way in which children think and reason. Despite moves in the 1960s and 70s to revaluate his theories, many of his basic principles and assumptions have been empirically supported to be correct. Piagets works identified that children look only at a superficial level, focusing on surface appearances rather than looking for more depth. Piagets works were greatly extended by Kohlberg to explain the development of gender concepts Kohlberg argued that an important factor in a childs development of gender concepts is the acceptance that it is fixed and unchanging regardless of surface appearances. Kohlberg advocates that a child must develop through three stages to understand gender initially children do not use gender in any way, to categorise themselves or others. The first stage (1) occurs at the age of two years, at this point a child can consistently an accurately label themselves and others as male or female, however, this categorisation is based on physical appearances and symbols such as clothing and facial hair. Stage 1 is regarded as gender identity. Stage 2 begins at the age of 3 4 years, a child now understands that that if someone is male or female then there were previously male or female and will continue to be male or female, therefore the child realises that gender is stable across time. Stage 2 is regarded as gender stability. Despite the childs appreciation of gender stability, they still place emphasis on symbols as masculine or feminine for example toys, if a boy is playing with a doll, a toy recognised as female then the child is unable to determine whether the child is male or female, the resolution of this comes into effect in stage 3. Occurring at the ages of around 5 years, the child realises that gender is constant and consistent across both time and situations, the child now realises that gender is an underlying and unchanging aspect of identity. Stage 3 is known gender constancy. As well as theories arising from Psychodynamic psychology, social learning theory and cognitive theories, there are also notions for the biological perspective and humanistic theory. The theoretical approaches above support differing approaches in relation to the nature/nurture debate. The essay will now explore these to express their standpoints and cite any correlation. In brief, these theories assume different positions within the nature/nurture debate as follows. Psychodynamic theory stands very much in the middle, accepting the importance of both innate and environmental factors in the development of gender identities, Freud famously quoted anatomy is destiny, yet speaks extensively of the importance of relationships with the same-sex parent. Social Learning Theory is in keeping with the nurture side of the debate, promoting the importance of all environmental factors, through reinforcement and modelling of acceptable gender appropriate behaviours. Outlining the importance of socialisation in the home (primary) and secondary through peers and the mass media. Cognitive Development Theories are in keeping with the nature side of the debate, where, in Kohlbergs view, gender development occurs through the resolution of three stages where at the end of stage three the child is able to determine that gender is an underlying and unchanging aspect of identity. In conclusion, this essay has discussed the development of gender identities. To summarise the works undertaken, initially definitions were offered of the themes in the essay title, which then moved on to discuss the psychological works of Psychodynamics, Social Learning Theory and Cognitive Development Theories, writing in relation to the nature/nurture debate. Despite there being many more theories of gender identity development, certain aspects were omitted in order to reflect on different positions in the nature/nurture debate. As well as issues such as sexual orientation and androgyny were also over looked. Despite strong arguments arising from each theory, it is difficult to accurately and empirically deduce the exact role of nature or nurture in the development of gender identities as both are constantly interacting throughout ones own life, and at a time of radical social changes (from the writing of these theories), with immense family diversity including single parent and same sex families.

Information System Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Information System - Research Paper Example However, the use information systems have been made more interesting with the emergence of social media platforms. These platforms include the facebook, twitter, LinkedIn, and instagram (Hu, et al., 2014). Social media as a whole has played a significant role in revolutionalising marketing strategies; however, instagram has the edge because of features and the ease that one can apply the platform in building the business (Das and Sahoo, 2014). Unlike other social media platforms, the Instagram adopts a unique way of telling stories. The platform uses pictures to convey the message (McCune, 2011). The use of pictures can be tailored to have captions that resonate with the message in the picture. The Instagram has a business blog that offers guidelines on how to use the platform for building business (Das and Sahoo, 2014). This business platform is called Instagram for business and appears as shown in the diagram below (figure 1). The instagram for business is an application that provides easy ways of enabling people exploit the platform to build their business. The strategies have to follow the simple steps that the application provides. It is such a simple way of enhancing business because the user does not have to have many years of experience in using the application to make the most from the application. Building a business brand will require massive following or better the interaction with a massive number of target customers. The best way to popularise a brand is by getting a gauge viewership. This can be a huge task especially when a created post does not have a large following (Aric, 2009). Therefore, the best way of beginning is to cultivate a following. There are several tips that can help an individual attain these objectives. The best way is to connect friends from other social media platforms like facebook and twitter (Das and Sahoo, 2014). This is the easiest way

Further research into religions. (Be sure to cite your sources) Essay

Further research into religions. (Be sure to cite your sources) - Essay Example Some practitioners normally refer to it as the eternal way or eternal law, or the Sanatana Dharma. The religion campaigns for duties such as mercy, purity, honesty and self- restraint among others (Foulston, Lynn, and Stuart 155). Scholars in the west normally regard Hinduism as a synthesis of Indian traditions and cultures with no single founder and diverse roots (Saraswati 68). The Hindu synthesis surfaced around the beginning of the Common Era. It later co- existed for many centuries with Buddhism to later achieve the upper hand in a majority of the royal circles in the 8th century. Hinduism came into broad use in the nineteenth century under the rule of western colonialism. It had asserted itself as an independent and coherent tradition. The common understanding of Hinduism is dominated by Hindu modernism (Saraswati 51). The understanding emphasizes on mysticism and the harmony of Hinduism. Hindu practices are inclusive of rituals such as annual festivals, recitations and pilgrimages (Bhalla 11). Hindus, more than any other religion accept instances of the nature of their traditions. The diversity is made possible by the widely shared Hindu view that reality and truth cannot e encapsulated in any perspective expressed in Hindu prayer. Hinduism therefore maintains that truth explored in several sources. Anyone’s perspective of truth is conditioned by gender, time, age and other factors. The several views promote a diverse perspective of religious truth, instead of minimising it. Hindus, therefore, have a strong tendency to affirm that tolerance is the most significant virtue in religion. Other Hindus, on the other hand, affirm that their religion has grown into a specific context of the Indian subcontinent (Foulston, Lynn, and Stuart 77). When Hindus speak of their identity as Sanatana dharma, they create emphasis on their continuous existence, and that it covers several traditions, obligations and beliefs. Hinduism is based on five pillars that

The problem solution of rmg Essay Example for Free

The problem solution of rmg Essay Submitted to Institute of Governance Studies BRAC University Dhaka In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Arts in Governance and Development (MAGD) Institute of Governance Studies BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh November 2010 Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. I authorize the Institute of Governance Studies (IGS) and BRAC University to lend this thesis to other Institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research only. I further authorize the IGS and BRAC University to reproduce this thesis by photocopying or by other means, in total or in part, at the request of other institutions for the purpose of scholarly research. Urmi Tamanna ID-07272026 MAGD Batch-2 IGS, BRAC University i Acknowledgement All praise and gratitude to Allah (The alone we worship, the alone we ask for Help). This is matter of challenge and enjoyment to do a research work in a supportive academic environment like IGS and BRAC University. Firstly, I would like to express my sincere respect to my supervisor Professor Iftekhar Ghani Chowdhury for his valuable guidance and unparallel support which makes me confident to work on this challenging issue. I had full support from my family; my husband, Insha and Taasin, Father, Mother, Sister and Brother. I also got tremendous support from Raihan and my other batch mates (BCS 21st and MAGD). I would thank Netherlands Government and BRAC University to study in the MAGD programme. Finally I show my sincere obligation and respect to the people of Bangladesh and the Ministry of Finance on behalf of Government of Bangladesh to allow me to study in this beautiful place and academic zone. ii Table of Contents Page No. Declaration I Acknowledgement II Table of Contents III-IV Abbreviation V Abstract VI Chapter One- Introduction 1-16 1. 1 Historical Development of Labor Law in Bangladesh 1 1. 2 Present Situation 2 1. 3 Worker’s Rights Situation 3 1. 4 Lack of Union’s Legal Advisory System 3 1. 5 Professional Legal Support is Costly 3 1. 6 New Labor Code 4 1. 7 The Functions of Labor Union 4 1. 8 Labor Union in Bangladesh 5 1. 9 Industrial Relations Act, 2004 6 1. 10 Labor Union Activities in Bangladesh 7 1. 11 Trade Union Activities in RMG Sector 8 1. 12 Labor Union in EPZ Units 10 1. 13 The Situation during Caretaker Government 10 1. 14 ILO Directives 11 1. 15 Rationale of the Study 13 1. 16 Background of the Research 13 1. 17 Objective of this Research Work 14 1. 17 (a) Research Question 14 1. 17 (b) Hypothesis 14 1. 18 Methodology 14 1. 19 Sources of Data 14 1. 20 Analytical Tools Used 15 1. 21 Sample Size and Structure 15 1. 22 Limitations 16 1. 23 Structure of the Study 16 iii Chapter Two- Labor Outburst in RMG Sector of Bangladesh 17-21 2. 1Various incidence of labor unrest 17 2. 2 Small Beginnings of a Mass Revolt 17 2. 3 Containing Riots in the RMG Sector 2. 4 Conclusion 19 20 Chapter Three – Literature Review 22-28 3. 2 Grievance of labor was the centre of the labor unrest 22 3. 3 Agreements with Garment Workers not honored 24 3. 4 Non implementation of minimum wage 25 3. 5 Lack of tolerance of the labor was reason behind that unrest 25 3. 6 Other interest Parties 26 3. 7 Labor legislation and labor unrest 26 3. 8 Unions and workers 27 3. 9 Issue which is not addressed 27 3. 10 Questionnaire 27 3. 11 Conclusion 28 Chapter Four Stakeholders’ perception regarding labor union 29-39 4. 2 Issues that are Addressed in Questionnaire 29 4. 3 Overall Response 29 4. 6 Response of respondents from unaffected garment industries 33 4. 8 Response of respondents from affected garment industries Where Labor was Occurred 4. 9 Conclusion Chapter Five- Findings and Conclusion 36 39 40-43 5. 2 Lesson Learned 43 5. 3 Further Research 43 Reference 44 Appendix One –Questionnaire 45 Appendix Two-– Brief scenario of RMG sector of Bangladesh 46-50 iv ABBREVIATIONS BEA Bangladesh Economic Association BGMEA Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association BILS Bangladesh Institute of Labor Studies FDI Foreign Direct Investment GDP Gross Domestic Product LU Labour Union MFA Multi-Fibre Arrangement RMG Ready Made Garments EPZ Export Processing Zone v ABSTRACT Readymade Garments (RMG) is the main foreign exchange earning sector of Bangladesh. At the same time this labor intensive sector is very important to address the demands of occupation of a huge population. Reputation of this sector is high which underpins the success of this sector. But in recent times the growth and existence of this sector came under threat when this sector faced severe labor unrest. Due to the labor unrest there has been huge loss of production, and some of the factories were ruined by protesters, several laborers were killed, and lot of labors were injured and arrested. It is said that there were legitimate demand of the laborers which should have been addressed by the owners. But these demands were not addressed which created the grievance of the laborers. In course of time these grievance bolstered the unrest. On the other hand, some laborers were not sincere and honest to their job and responsibilities. These laborers involved themselves in the destruction of their own industries. While most of the researchers addressed the reasons of that unrest, in this research the probable solution of that problem has been addressed by collecting stakeholders’ perceptions through questionnaires. It has been found that to address the grievances and to consider the limitations of the financial capacity of the owners a bridging mechanism, labor union, between laborers and owner is needed. Moreover, it was found that most of the respondents think that labor union can be used as a tool to mitigate the risks of labor unrest in RMG sector of Bangladesh. vi Labor Unrest in Bangladesh RMG Sector: Does Active Labor Union Reduce the Risk of Labor Unrest in RMG Sector? A Dissertation by Urmi Tamanna ID-07272026 MAGD Batch-2 Approved as to Style and Contents By Professor Iftekhar Ghani Chowdhury Supervisor Institute of Governance Studies BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh November 2010 Labor Unrest in Bangladesh RMG Sector: Does active labor union reduce the risk of labor unrest in RMG sector? Chapter-One Introduction Introduction The readymade garments (RMG) sector, the single biggest foreign exchange earner in Bangladesh has come a long way in last two decades. The industry has crossed many hurdles to stay competitive. It has proved many predictions futile and wrong and competes fiercely even after the abolition of quotas under Multi-Fibre Arrangement (MFA) in the North American market and special market entry to European markets. The credit for that achievement goes primarily to the entrepreneurs and the laborers. But the relationship between these two major contributors has come into question and the industry is under severe pressure because of labor unrest. After the labor unrest of 2006 in several RMG units, the sector sustained a loss to the tune of US$60 million, Khan, S. (2007). The fact remains that trade unionism is virtually absent in the garments sector and when responsible labor movement is not given any chance, the consequence is indiscipline and chaos leading to a situation where the mob takes over. So the notion of the absence of labor unionism in the garments in most of the industries as a reason for widespread violence needs more research to reveal the reasons behind and offer possible policy solutions to the crisis. 1. 1 Historical development of Labor Law In Bangladesh In British-India industrialization paved its way during the last part of eighteenth century. Workers condition of work, environment was worst. That time the few labor laws existed in the sub-continent was not enough to protect the rights of the working people. Most of the labour laws we have inherited from British-India and Pakistani period. First labor law came in this subcontinent was Workers Compensation Act, 1923. Workers got their Trade Union rights after a long struggle under Trade Union Act, 1926. At the time of Pakistani period 2 separate laws was there, Trade Union Act ; Industrial Dispute Settlement Act, these 2 laws merge into Industrial Relation Ordinance, 1969. Major labor laws enacted in the year 1965, such as Factories Act, Shops ; Establishment Act, Employment of Labour (SO) Act. Later on, so many amendments made on labor laws. Moreover, separate rules were also enacted for 1 better implementation of the law. Bangladesh government set up a separate Inspection Authority to supervise and monitor the implementation of labor laws. 1. 2 Present situation Our labor laws are presently scattered in different statutes. In other words, labour laws are yet to be codified. The necessity of such codification had been felt by many since long. Besides, the existing labor laws suffer from some inherent flaws and require to be updated to meet the present demand of proper dispensation of justice. Actually we inherited the laws and the legal system of our country from British-India. The British enacted laws to primarily suit their colonial purpose. Now ours is liberated country and its outlook and demand have changed drastically. Therefore either the existing laws should be adequately amended or new laws be enacted, suiting the present demand of the society. Out of 44 statutes of our labor laws 2 are from the nineteenth century and another 13 from the between the beginning of twentieth century and the partition of the sub-continent in 1947. Another 23 statutes were enacted during the Pakistan period (1947-1971), the reset i. e. , six statutes have been enacted since liberation. These scattered laws need to be unified. Keeping this in view in 1992 a National Labour Law Commission was formed. The Commission opted for recommending the enactment of a Labour Code. The successions for a Labour Code, however, seem to have been shelved, at least for the time being. Nevertheless, occasional attempts have been undertaken to revive interest in the proposed Labour Code. The National Trade Union Leaders of the Labour Law Review Committee was reconstituted in August 1998. Earlier the International Labour Organization-ILO office in Bangladesh also submitted its comments on the Draft Labour Code prepared by the Commission. 7-member review committee has been formed by the government to re-asses the proposed Draft Labour Code. However, after the emergence of the new state of Bangladesh, no such initiative has ever been taken by any of the successive governments and the issue has always been given back seat by them. Surprisingly, the new recommended Labour Code, 1994 of the National Labour Law Commission is still awaiting governments approval and subsequent enactment. Without a complete Labour Code, to end the violation of workers rights will remain a far cry. 2 1. 3 Workers rights situation Workers rights are highly violated in the country. Mass people are not aware of the rights of working people. Even the policy makers are not that much concerned. Civil society shows negligence towards the rights of the workers. The Constitution of the country guarantees rights to organize but unfortunately there are so many restrictions to form and join Trade Union in several types of industries and areas i. e. Govt. Employees, Export Processing Zones (EPZ), Rural Electrification Board, and all types of security and confidential staffs, Security Printing Press, employees of education/research institutions, hospitals and clinics, NGOs, Army, Police etc. To meet the end of these violation and deprivation awareness should be raised among the workers themselves. Labor Union activists should be given more knowledge and power to build their capacity in collective bargaining and motivational activity. 1. 4 Lack of unions legal advisory system Due to multiplicity, in house union system, political tailing and lack of one single National Trade Centre, trade unions becoming weak day by day. Membership dues collection for union and rate of dues are very small size. Due to financial inability members are not getting so many services from the union. One of important service they required is to get legal advice at the time of facing grievance handling, preparing court cases, protection of their rights etc. At present union has no such legal advisory system. Bangladesh Institute of Labour Studies (BILS) can provide such services by establishing a small legal cell. 1. 5 Professional legal support is costly Legal advice and legal support is always a costly service not only in Bangladesh but almost anywhere in the world. Workers income rate are very poor, their social security scheme are also weak. Working class are always facing serious problem when they get some problem on their job. Workers jobs are always on risk. The employers have so much power to terminate 3 the job of workers. To face the legal court cases professional lawyers services they need but their services are very costly. Workers have no ability to pay for that. 1. 6 New Labor Code The country’s constitution guaranteed all the fundamental rights of the citizen and every body are equal in the eye of law, irrespective of color, sex, class, profession and religion. Bangladesh is a member of ILO since 1972 and obtained membership of the UN in 1974. Though it has ratified 7 out of 8 core ILO Conventions the employers are use to ignoring the law. Most of the ratified ILO conventions are not fully implemented. The present labour law of the country should be updated; a complete labour code should be passed. A step was taken in this regard in 1994 and a labor code was proposed. Trade Union federations of the country made their recommendations and suggestions to make the code a complete document for protecting workers rights, but the government is still to pass the code. [BILS 2005] 1. 7 The functions of Labor Union A trade union or labor union is an organization of workers who band together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages, hours, and working conditions, forming a cartel of labor. The trade union, through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of union members (rank and file members) and negotiates labor contracts with employers. This may include the negotiation of wages, work rules, complaint procedures, rules governing hiring, firing and promotion of workers, benefits, workplace safety and policies. The agreements negotiated by the union leaders are binding on the rank and file members and the employer and in some cases on other non-member workers. These organizations may comprise individual workers, professionals, past workers, or the unemployed. The most common, but by no means only, purpose of these organizations is maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment Over the last three hundred years, many trade unions have developed into a number of forms, influenced by differing political and economic regimes. The immediate objectives and activities of trade unions vary and include: 4 †¢ Provision of benefits to members: Early trade unions, like Friendly Societies, often provided a range of benefits to insure members against unemployment, ill health, old age and funeral expenses. In many developed countries, these functions have been assumed by the state; however, the provision of professional training, legal advice and representation for members is still an important benefit of trade union membership. †¢ Collective bargaining: Where trade unions are able to operate openly and are recognized by employers, they may negotiate with employers over wages and working conditions. †¢ Industrial action: Trade unions may enforce strikes or resistance to lockouts in furtherance of particular goals. †¢ Political activity: Trade unions may promote legislation favorable to the interests of their members or workers as a whole. To this end they may pursue campaigns, undertake lobbying, or financially support individual candidates or parties (such as the Labour Party in Britain) for public office. (wikipedia) 1. 8 Labor Union in Bangladesh The Industrial Relations Ordinance, 1969 [Ordinance XXIII of 1969] [13th November, 1969] This ordinance is about formation of trade unions, the regulation of relations between employers and workmen and the avoidance and settlement of any differences or disputes arising between them or matters connected therewith. Certain related sections are depicted below. Sec 2(v): â€Å" Collective bargaining agent † in relation to an establishment or industry, means the trade union of workmen which, under section 22, is the agent of the workmen in the establishment or, as the case may be, industry, in the matter of collective bargaining; Sec 2(xiii): â€Å" Industrial Dispute† means any dispute or difference between employers and employers or between employers and workmen or between workmen and workmen, which is connected with the employment or non employment or the terms of employment or the conditions of work of any person; 5 Sec 2(xxiv): â€Å"Settlement† means a settlement arrived at in the course of conciliation proceeding, and includes an agreement between an employer and his workmen arrived at otherwise than in the course of any conciliation proceeding, where such agreement is in writing, has been signed by the parties thereto in such manner as may be prescribed and a copy thereto in such manner as may be prescribed and a copy thereof has been sent to the Government, the Conciliator and such other person as may be prescribed; Sec 2(xxvi): â€Å"Trade Union† means any combination of workmen or employers formed primarily for the purpose of regulating the relations between workmen and employers, or for imposing restrictive conditions on the conduct or any trade or business and includes a federation of two or more trade unions; Sec 3: Trade unions and freedom of association. Subject to the provisions contained in this Ordinancea) Workers, without distinction whatsoever, shall have the right to establish and, subject only to the Rules of the organization concerned, to join associations of their own choosing without previous authorization; b) Employers, without distinct whatsoever, shall have the right to establish and, subject only to the Rules of the organization concerned, to join associations of their own choosing without previous authorization; c) Trade unions and employers’ associations shall have the right to draw up their constitutions and rules, to elect their representatives in full freedom, to organize their administration and activities and to formulate their programmes; d) Workers’ and employers’ organizations shall have the right to establish and join federations and confederations and any such organization, federation or confederation shall have the right to affiliate with international organizations and confederations of workers’ and employers’ organization; [Khan, 2006 p. p155-162] 1. 9 Industrial Relations Act, 2004 [Act no. 23 of 2004] [4th September, 2004] This Act made provisions for recognizing the right of the workers to form association, regulation of relations and settlement of differences or disputes arising between employers 6 and workers in Export Processing Zones and for matters connected therewith. Certain related sections are depicted below. Sec 5: Workers representation and welfare committee. – (1) After commencement of this Act, the Executive Chairman or any officer authorized by him in that behalf, shall require the employer and the workers in an industrial unit in a zone to constitute, in prescribed manner, a Workers Representation and Welfare Committee, hereinafter referred to as the committee. Sec 11: Duration and cessation of committee. – (1) A committee constituted in a Zone shall be in existence till October 31, 2006 Sec 13: Formation of Workers Association. (1) With expiry of October 31, 2006 and beginning of November 1, 2006, the workers in an industrial unit situated within the territorial limits of a Zone shall have the right to form association to engage in industrial relations subject to the provisions made by or under this Act. [Khan, 2006 p. p497-506] 1. 10 Labor union activities in Bangladesh The trade unions are very strong in Bangladesh, although only 3. 5 percent of the workforce is unionized, but most of the unions are limited to the public sector or state-controlled enterprises. According to the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU), there are a total of 23 national trade union centers in Bangladesh and approximately 5,450 trade unions. The largest of these are the Bangladesh Jatio Sramik League (BJSL); the Bangladesh Jatiyatabadi Sramik Dal (BJSD); the Jatiya Sramik Party (JSP); the Bangladesh Free Trade Union Congress (BFTUC); and the Jatio Sramik League (JSL). These bodies are organized together in the ICFTU Bangladesh Council. About 1. 8 million of the countrys workers belong to unions, out of a total workforce of approximately 58 million. The unions tend to have strong links to major political parties or are controlled by political figures, and they often lead political action and strikes in the country. Strikes are extremely common in Bangladesh and can paralyze business activities for weeks. The private sector is less unionized and trade unions are practically banned from the Export Processing Zones (EPZ) until 2008, as the EPZ is exempted from certain labor laws. In case of industrial dispute the problems are supposed to be solved through the Labor Tribunal. 7 Unlike many Middle Eastern countries, women in Bangladesh enjoy considerable freedom and are generally involved in education and labor, although the employment and literacy rates among them generally are lower than among men. Recent surges in the garment industry brought new employment opportunities for women, as around 95 percent of people employed in this sector are women. However, in the rural areas the women very often are disadvantaged and among the poorer members of the communities. Currently, more than 37 percent of the labor force is women. However, unionization among women, and hence the protection of their rights, is generally lower than among men. [National Economies Encyclopedia] 1. 11 Trade union activities in RMG sector Trade Union movement in garments sector is very weak. Even it is weaker than the other sectors. There are 8 country wide registered trade union federations. There are 9 federations registered as division based. Another 5 registered federations are combined with Jute, Textile and leather Sector. Apart from these, there are 6 unregistered federations in this sector. There are 3 alliances in the garment sector. These are: 1. Bangladesh Garments Workers Unity Council. 2. Bangladesh Garments Workers and Employees Unity Council. 3. B. N. C. C. (Bangladesh Coordinating Committee, affiliated with (ITGLWF). Main reason of the weakness of trade union movement of garment sector in Bangladesh are: 1. Disunity and division of organizations. 2. Unlimited and long working hours. 3. Absence of Job security. 4. Migration from factory to factory. 5. Absence of weekly holiday and other holidays. 6. Majority of women. 7. State policy. 8. Elite class ownership. 9. Low wage. 10. Unemployment of the country. Though there were 16 unions representing garment workers in January 2006, according to the Democratic Workers Party the level of unionization among workers was very low. Where unions were involved, they act more like extortionists, taking money from management to keep the employees in line while at the same time collecting dues from their members, with whom they had virtually no contact. Most of the unions had direct or indirect links with local and foreign NGOs, and receiving lucrative grants seems to be their main goal. [July 14th, 2006 by Libcom] Most of the trade unions appeared to be tools of one or other of the political parties, strikes being used more as vehicles for pursuing political goals against rival parties than improving 8 workers conditions. The Nation Garment Workers Federation apparently is an exception to this, being a more grass-roots organization, closer to an expression of workers selforganization emerging from their own struggles. It would be too easy and simplistic to apply critiques of modern western business unions to such an organisation. 11 years ago the NGWF was an organisation with 3 workers paid a basic garment workers wage operating out of a shed in a workers slum. Working in conditions more similar for workers in Europe a century or two ago, basic organization for defence and improvement of working conditions is a matter, sometimes, of whether one starves or not. With rapid large-scale proletarianisation of rural workers in many parts of Asia (China, India etc) struggles for unionization are likely to follow. Though organising trade unions were banned by employers in the EPZs, this has changed, as one of the concessions won by the revolt. This is anyway a convenient concession for the owners; a Bill was introduced into the US Senate which, if passed, would ban all imports produced in sweatshops. This is a form of US trade protectionism and corporate image management expressed as concern for workers conditions. The Bill would penalise Bangladesh, Jordan etc and Americas big rival China in, for example, the garment industry, by attempting to undercut their present advantage of cheaper labour costs. the Greater Los Angeles area has surpassed the New York area as the center of the North American garment industry. Home to more than 1,000 manufacturers who employ an estimated 90,000 workers, most of them immigrant, the garment and related industries account for as much as 10 percent of Los Angeles economy, according to Sweatshop Slaves. Nearly one in five local employees today work in the garment industry, making it Los Angeles leading manufacturing sector. (Review of Sweatshop Slaves: Asian Americans in the Garment Industry, Various, 2006. ) As well as the dire conditions of employment, the low level of unionism is one likely reason for the ferocity of the workers response. When it erupts, unmediated class war is generally conducted more brutally on both sides. The Bangladesh state finally realised this when it brought in union officials to mediate and negotiate an end to the rebellion. In the long term, union representation is usually granted by the bosses as a necessary safety valve mechanism and tool of management for the stability of the production process. [Libcom 2006] 9 1. 12 Labor Union in EPZ units Labor union was banned from EPZ units until 2008. For the first time in the country, 69 industrial units in Dhaka and Chittagong export processing zones (EPZ) have introduced workers’ associations on the basis of referendums by workers. At the same time, workers of 22 industrial units have voted for not having any trade union body for themselves for yet another year. The referendums on having workers’ associations were held from January to the middle of this month. There are 124 more â€Å"eligible† industrial units in these two EPZs which will have to hold their referendums by 2010 as per a decision of Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authority (BEPZA) on the basis of a 2004 act on allowing trade union activities. Although referendums are supposed to be held without any external influence and spontaneously by the workers, BEPZA is putting pressure on the industry owners to hold them as soon as possible. American labour group that has been pushing hard for implementing trade union rights at the EPZs has mounted pressure on the government to have the associations as soon as possible. The factories at the EPZs on an average pay 40 percent more than the factories outside the EPZs. Yet during last year’s unrest, some of the best paying factories in the EPZs came under attack by their own workers. Owners of these factories and law enforcement agencies have said this unrest was prompted by outsiders for their petty gains. Although the referendums are supposed to be held without any external influence and spontaneously by the workers, the Bepza is putting pressure on the industry owners to hold the referendums as soon as possible. The president of Bangladesh Readymade Garments Labour Federation, said, â€Å"Lack of proper monitoring by the government, lack of sincerity of the owners and ignorance of workers of most factories are not complying with the law. †[bangladeshnews. com. bd, 23 March 2008] 1. 13 The situation during caretaker government Garments are Bangladesh’s main export, and have been a major contributor to the country’s economic growth in recent years. The industry has also been important in creating jobs for women. â€Å"International companies that source garments in Bangladesh should insist that the Bangladeshi government end harassment of labor rights activists,† said Adams. â€Å"They should make it clear that labor organizing and activism is part of the deal when operating in the 10 world economic system and that they will not accept it if activists are jailed, intimidated or harassed by the authorities. † Bangladesh has been under a state of emergency since January 11, 2007. The emergency rules have placed serious limits on civil and political rights, and have severely diluted constitutional protections of individual rights. In a letter to the government dated August 1, 2007, Human Rights Watch called for the lifting of the state of emergency. Emergency Power Rules of January 25, 2007 prohibits processions, meetings, assemblies and trade union activities. â€Å"The interim government is abusing its emergency powers to target individuals who are trying to protect workers’ rights in Bangladesh’s most important export industry,† said Brad Adams, Asia director at Human Rights Watch on the backdrop of the arrest of Mehedi Hasan of the Worker Rights Consortium (WRC) on January 24, 2008. He was arrested and detained by National Security Intelligence in Dhaka. His arrest is believed to be directly linked to the labor rights monitoring that he carried out for WRC, a nongovernmental organization that investigates labor practices at apparel factories, largely on behalf of US colleges and universities. Hasan is being held for violating Articles 3 and 4(1) of the Emergency Power Rules of January 25, 2007. In recent days, the authorities have invoked Emergency Power Rules and have filed criminal cases against dozens of trade union members, including leaders of the Bangladesh Independent Garment Workers’ Union Federation. Many other labor rights activists have complained to Human Rights Watch about being threatened and being under constant surveillance. According to police sources, a number of international organizations and their staff members are currently being monitored for allegedly engineering or inciting subversive activities within the garment industry. 1. 14 ILO Directives The International Labour Organisation rapped Bangladesh for its continuing failure to provide full trade union freedoms in the country and for permitting serious violations of ILO Conventions both in law and in practice. In particular, it deplored the obstacles to the establishment of unions in Export Processing Zones and the arrest and harassment of union leaders and activists in the garment sector. 11 And the ILO’s Committee on the Application of Standards singled out Bangladesh for special attention expressing concern over the escalation of industrial violence stressing that freedom of association could only be exercised in a climate that was free from violence, pressure or threats of any kind against trade union leaders and members. The Committee demanded that the Bangladesh Government take measures for the amendment of the Labour Act and the EPZ Workers Associations and Industrial Relations Act so as to bring them into full conformity with the provisions of ILO Convention 87 which Bangladesh has ratified and is duty-bound to observe. The ILO called upon the Bangladesh Government to ensure that all workers were fully guaranteed the protection of the Convention and demanded that the nece